Archives: Glossary

Balila Youth Prophaschist Organization. In Macedonia. (1942-1943) – Albanian organization in Macedonia formed by Italian military booming authorities to spread and magnify Italian fascism as an ideology with a winning spirit and love for Italy and Germany. Bi-La organized school youth, each class was a squad. Members carried uniforms (special for female and special for male). There were S “to the capitulation of Italy (1943). Lit.: Gorgi Malkovski, political parties and organizations in Macedonia in World War II 1941-1944, Skopje, 2002. F. Malc. The Balist Chief of Murat Labunishta (1942-1944)

Balists – members of the Albanian nationalist and pro-fascist movement, organized in the National Front “Bali Avbeeta”. Acted for the creation of Greater Albania. They constituted the armed part of the organization and were sent directly into conflict with partisan units in Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro. They were particularly calculated with members of a new one from Western Macedonia, performing murders, terror and looting of the Macedonian and other non-Albanians. Lit.: Gorgi Malkovski, Balists, Skopje, 2002; The same, political parties and organizations in Macedonia in World War II 1941-1944, Skopje. F. Malc. C. “Balkan”, an unofficial body of MNVD (Sofia, 1903)

Baljova-faith, Evdocia Foteva (village D’mben, Kostur, Aegean part of Macedonia, 2. ⅷ 1926) – a member of the Macedonian and Greek communist movement. In World War II (1941-1945) actively participated in the anti-fascist resistance “Balkan Society”, a MNIA organ in America Bansko, the only ancient Balnium in the Republic of Evdokia Foteva Baljova-Faith in Greece. DRIP of SNOF, Secretary of the Women’s Organization in the Kostur region, NOF secretary in the NOF district – Kares, Secretary of AFZ for Lerin District. After November 1946 Secretary of AFZ for Aegean part of Macedonia. Participant in the civil war in Greece (1946 -1949). After the defeat of the Greek Republican forces (DAG), it was accused of the CPG for an “agent of the international reaction” and conducted in Soviet prisons and camps (Lubjanka, Liformovo and Burtica). After release from the Logo-Roth (1956) he returned to the NRM. BIB.: To Hell and Back, Skopje, 2004. st. KIS. Bamia

Balkan basketball championships. They are held in Skopje, four of which for men and one for women. The male basketball team of Yugoslavia defeated all opponents and conquered the first place before Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey (1961). The women’s basketball representation of Yugoslavia lost two games and took the last place behind Bulgaria and Romania (1966). The male representation defeated all opponents and conquered the first place before Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Turkey (1967). And for the third time, the national team defeated all opponents and was the best, in front of Romania, Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey (1977). At the last match, the Yugoslav male representation was defeated only from Bulgaria, and defeated other opponents and conquered the first place in front of Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey and Albania (1990). Some of the matches were played in Kumanovo. Lit.: Almanac, CSJ 1945-1988, Belgrade, 1988. D. S.

Balkan Championships in Skiing. The second Balkan ski championship (1947) was held on Popova Shapka, and skiers from Yugoslavia (only from Slovenia), Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary competed in Alpine combination (downhill and slalom). In individual competition, the best was Peter Sicola from Hungary. In team competition, Yugoslavia conquered the first place. At the fourth Balkan Ski Center “Zare Lazarevski” in Mavrovo Championship in Mavrovo (1971) participated “A” and “B” national team of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. “B” representation, compiled only by Macedonians, did not achieve some noticeable results. They competed in the Alpine and classical disciplines (running and relay) for seniors, youth and youth. The Yugoslav national team conquered the first place with 3 gold, 7 silver and 6 bronze medals. The Ninth Balkan Championship in Mavrovo (1976) competed “A” and “B” representation of Yugoslavia (“B” composed mainly of Macedonian skiers, which did not achieve significant results), Bulgaria, Greece and Romania. They competed in the Alpine and classical disciplines for seniors, youth and youth. Yugoslavia won the second place with 4 gold, 6 silver and 4 bronze medals. D. S.

Balkan championships in wrestling. The Tenth Balkan Balkan Championship in Greek-Roman and Free Style for Seniori was held in Skopje (1961) with the participation of the representations of Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania and Turkey. The champion became Yugoslavia, and in a freest style second place won Macedonian wrestlers: Mustafa Adem, Tefik Ramiz, Ekrem Alia and Rizvani Arslan. The Ninth Balkan Championship in Greek-Roman and Free Style for Youth was held in Skopje (1976) with the participation of Bugija, Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania and Turkey. In freestyle, the Macedonian wrestlers won: Shaban Soidiu, Kiro Ristov and Risto Darllev. In Radovis, an affirmed center of wrestling-freestyle, was held twenty-fourth Balkan Balkan championship in Greek-Roman and free style for youth, with the participation of Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania and Turkey. The first place in freestyle conquered Macedonian wrestlers: Vlatko Sokolov, Nikolce Kalajdziev and Tony Tanchev. F. F.

Balkan Communist Federation (Sofia, 1920 – Moscow, 1933) – Section of the consignment of the United Balkan comparisies, with the task of coordinating and uniting the proletarian struggle in a common front for the creation of a Balkan federation. The headquarters was in Sofia, Berlin and Moscow. It held 8 conferences on which action declarations were made on current issues, including the Macedonian issue. At first, he did not recognize the existence of the Macedonian people. With the development of the organized Macedonian liberation movement, he changed that attitude. In 1923 She came closer to the position of the Macedonian nation. In 1928 Macedonians legitimized as a special people with the right to their own state and apply the right to self-determination. Lit.: BCP, Comintern “T and Makedonski C” Pros 1917-1946, and, Sofia, 1998: Resolution of ⅷ BCF Conference on the national question in the Balkans and to resolve the Macedonian issue by creating an independent and united Macedonia in The framework of the Balkan Federation of Workers’ Rains, Moscow, September 1928. O. Iv.

Balkan endemics in the flora of the Republic of Macedonia – plant species, whose development center and Areal are located on the Balkan Peninsula. Develop in most Balkan countries, and parts of their areal are also present in the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. Some of them have relative origin, as the remains of the flora of past geological periods (Tertiary), which in the past developed on the wider European prosper, and today they are limited to endemic dioscodea Balanca Balkan Peninsula. The Balkan endemics belong to different florery elements – Mesaski, Illyrian, Scardo-Pindski, Southern Balkan and others. More importantly, In addition to Balkan endemics, Balkan subendemic species are present, whose areal except The Balkan Peninsula is also presented in neighboring European (Apennini, Central Europe), Western and retail regions, such as the freshkenthalia of enzulifolia, Campanula Versiticolor, Convoloulus Tspacus, Lamium Gargan , Pohelithea Boaksiors, Potethala Appenina, Sagifaga PSMUS, etc. VL. M.

The Balkan Federation / Confederation – a project for creating a Macedonian state and the Balkan Federation / Confederation that presented in Europe and popularized Paul Argirades (1869-1894). The Macedonian intellectual Spiro Gu-header of the SP. “Balkanovik”, Prilep Blapchev (from Lerin) published (1887) his own project for the Eastern Federation of the Balkans from eight voters: Macedonia (in its geographical and ethnic borders), EUParality, European Turkey, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece . Macedonian Socialists have advocated creating an independent Macedonian republic in the Federation of the Balkan Republics. At the beginning of ⅹⅹ c. Macedonian intellectuals grouped in Serbia around c. “Balkan messenger” (Belgrade, edited by Stefan Jakimov Dedov) and in Russia, organized in the Macedonian scientific-literary comrade, represented to create an independent Macedonian national state, Piedmont for the unification of Slavic and Orthodox peoples in the Balkans, “The Balkan Slovenine and Orthodoxy “. Immediately after the Ilinden Uprising (January 1904), representatives of the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Boris Sarafov and Mikhail Gerdjikov traveled to Rome to interest Italy together with France and England to engage in creating a Macedonian state, the core formation of the Balkan Confederation. Macedonian club in Belgrade and its body, c. “Autonomous Macedonia” (1905), published by gr. Hadzitachovic and F. Gjergikovic, represented also for the Balkan Federation / Confederation. The National Federal Party of Jane Sandanski (1908) decided to create an Eastern Federation with Macedonia as a separate federal unit. For the creation of the Balkan Federation, that is, the Confederation, the Social Democratic Organizations were represented 1908-1913, Macedonian intellectuals in Russia (1913-1914 and 1917-1924), and Macedonian companies in Switzerland (1919) demanded the creation of a Macedonian state and Balkan, that is, South Slavic Federation. After the war VMRO (OB.) Decided for the Macedonian Republic in the Balkan Federation. The Macedonian communists in the Vardar part of Macedonia (1941- 1944) realized the project for Macedonian national state in the Yugoslav federation. In 1991 The Republic of Macedonia declared state independence. Lit.: M. Minoski, the federal idea in the Macedonian political thought (1887 & 1919), Skopje, 1985; A. Hristov – M. Minoski, the idea of ​​a federation in the Macedonian national liberation movement and its program foundations (1893 & 1935), a collection of documents, Skopje, Serbian artillery at the position in the Kumanovo battle (1912) MANU, 1994; M. Pandevski, political parties and organizations in Macedonia (1908 & 1912), Skopje, 1965; B. Ristovski, Macedonian people and the Macedonian nation, ⅱ, Skopje, 1983, 75 & 144; The same, the program of the Macedonian Revolutionary Committee in Petrograd of 1917 for the Balkan Federal Democratic Republic (Attachment to the study of the idea of ​​the Balkan Federation in the Macedonian Revolutionary Movement), “History”, 1, 1977. M. Min. The “Balkan Federation”, the body of national minorities and the peoples of the Balkans

“Balkan Federation -. La Federal Balkanije “(Vienna, 15. 1924 – 1930) – Journal, body of communist parties from the Balkan countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia and Croatia). He went out twice a month. Redect Dimitar Vlahov, Georgi Dimitrov, Nikola Harlakov and other immigrant communists from the Balkan countries. According to the editorial in the first issue, he had the task “to propagate the release and self-determination of the Balkan peoples and their federalization”. In addition to the editors, the authors of the texts are Dr. Philip Atanasov, Petar Chaulev, Pavel Satev, etc. The authors were represented mainly for the Balkan Federation. He had special importance for the awareness of the Macedonian truth in the world. Lit.: Dr. Boro Mokov, the development of the Macedonian press and journalism (from the first beginnings until 1945), Skopje, 1980, 360-362; Dr. Boro Mokron – Ms. Tome Gruevski, Review of the Macedonian Press (1885-1992), Skopje, 1993, 33. S. Ml.

The Balkan Festival of Folk Games and Songs – Formed in 1962, as the first Balkan festival of folk games and songs, Ohrid organized folklore manifestation in Macedonia. Present and affirm folklore traditions of the Balkan countries. It is held in the summer in Ohrid (July and August), and in recent decades in the standard term from July 5 to 12. In the past years, many, mainly amateur folklore ensembles and groups of the Balkan, but also from the wider region. He is a member of the International Folklore Associations Tsof and IF. M. Cole. Meeting of representatives of Yugoslavia, Greece, Bulgaria and Albania (1943)

Balkan headquarters (1943). The Delegate of the CPY Central Committee and the Supreme Headquarters, Svetozar Vukmanovic-pace, in the summer of 1943. Initiated the creation of Balkan headquarters for coordinating the actions of the People’s Liberation Anti-Fascist Movements of Yugoslavia, Greece, Bulgaria and Albania. Political co-operation was to be accomplished by popularizing the fight against the Balkan peoples for release and mutual assistance. Military co-operation was to be realized by establishing a unique command – supreme Balkan headquarters at the National Liberation Armies. Meetings were held by the representatives of the movements, which was initially agreed military and political cooperation. The Greek side did not accept the formation of a common Balkan headquarters, after which J. B. Tito in October 1943 stopped the action at the pace. Lit.: Svetozar Vukmanovic-pace, a revolution that flows, 1, Belgrade, 1971; The same, fight for the Balkans, Zagreb, 1981. M. MIH.

“Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics”. (“Balkan Journal of Medinzal Genetic”) – an international scientific journal that publishes original scientific and overviews and short announcements from all areas of human gentica: cytogenics, molecular genetics, clinical genetics, immunogenics, oncogenetics, pharmacogenics, populative genetics, genetic screenings and Diagnosis of monogenic and polygenic diseases, prenatal and reimplant genetic diagnosis, genetic consultations, therapy and prevention. The first number is printed in 1998 Main editors are Mr. D. Efremov and D. Toncheva, with an editorial board of 30 scientists from 19 countries. The publisher of the first numbers of the magazine was honey. f. In Sofia, and since 2000 is MANU. The magazine goes out twice ahead and it is indexed in Embasse (Tezer Medica Datebase), Elsevier Bioobase (Chrent Ajaresis Inn Biologic Resolution), Elsevier GeoBrastruct, SCOWS and CHECHIVY ABSTRACTS. The magazine is printed in English. Papers are peer reviewed by anonymous reviewers. The electronic version of the magazine is available on the website: HPP.BMG. EDM. D. EFT.

Balkan language union – structural and gramatus. The level of the Balkan languages, a result of the active coexistence of the Balkan peoples in a region without borders under the same economic and cultural circumstances: semonomic livestock, common markets, mixed marriages, etc. The dominance of Greek culture and the Roman administration set the basis of the BC. Suitable conditions for such development were under Byzantium, and the process was accelerated under Osmanl. Domination, when the Christian faith of Nomulite. Population also served for national identification. The need for mutual understanding brought people to massive two- and trojisic, which contributed to the spontaneous education of a common structure in the diverse BALK. Languages. Their common structural features – Balchanisms (analytical declension, descriptive comparison, doubling facility, etc.) represent a unique phenomenon. According to the measure to which the development of these peculiarities is reached in a BALK. J-K, are also being tried for the extent of his Balkanization. Macedonian belongs to the Central Circle (Arom., South End. Toscian dialect and Bulgarian). In languages ​​of the second round (November, Northalk. Geg dialect, southeast. SRP. Speeches and European Turkish) The development of some Balc. traits is unfinished. Lit.: P. HR. Ilievski, Balkan Lingu.. Studies, SK. 1988, Pasim. P. HR. Il.

Balkan Le Balkan. (Sofia, 5. ⅳ – 4. ⅴ 1903) – Unofficial body of MNND in S.-Petersburg. Order. A. S. Vasilev. An editor-publisher is the former owner of the Macedonian club body in Belgrade “Balkan Messenger” (1902) and member-founder of Stefan Jakimov Doddov (hillsky). It is printed in Bulgarian (with units and Russian). Publish and prose texts in Macedonian language (E. Opportant). Published (in continuations) a shortened version of MND Memorandum to the Russian government. The newspaper has a basic public platform: “Macedonia’s autonomy for Macedonians and independence in the Balkans for the Balkans”. It turns out twice a week and stops in no. 12. Continue in the next year as a new publication under the name “Courier”. Lit.: Dr. Blaze Ristovski, Macedonia Chronicle. Gains of literary and national topics, and Skopje, 1993, 250 -279. Bl. R.

Balkan messenger. (Belgrade, 7. ⅵ -25. Ⅷ 1902) – An unofficial body of the Macedonian club in Belgrade, which comes out in Serbian (with units and French). Owner Stefan Jakimov Dedov, editor Diamadia Trpkov Mishajkov. The newspaper first publicly affirms the basics of the Macedonian “National Separatism” program – for Macedonia’s “Balkan messenger”, the body of the Macedonian club (Belgrade, 1902) Donian nation, Macedonian language, Macedonian Church and Macedonian autonomy – and became the historic predecessor of MNLD in S.-Petersburg. After the eighth, the newspaper is prohibited, and publishers exile from Serbia. Lit.: Blaze Ristovski, Macedonian club in Belgrade and the Balkan messenger newspaper, solemn gathering .., Manu, 2002. BL. R.

Balkan Ministerial Conference (Tirana, 24-25. Ⅹ 1990) – Conference of Ministers from the Balkan states. Ministers of all Balkan countries participated. An important situation in Europe and the world and that the new security concept in Europe required multilateral co-operation. They agreed that minorities have the right, within the framework of the constitutional order, freely express, to nurture and develop their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity, important for good neighborly relations, mutual trust, rapprochement and democracy in the Balkans. Lit.: Balkan Custom Relations, ⅲ, Belgrade, 1999. M. Min.

“Balkan Society. Balkans Unifization “(Detroit, Mitch, USA, and 1, 1931-IV, 36, 1934) – Monthly organ of the Macedonian National Union in America, under the editorial of Georgi D. Pirinski. As a newspaper of Macedonian progressive emigration in the United States, it is tasked with building a single Balkan front “against the Fascist group of IV. Mihailov around the Macedonian tribunal, and for the construction of the Balkan Federation. In t. 6 of the resolution of the first founding Congress of MS, published in no. 1 The newspaper is stated: “For cooperation for the construction of a common homeland – Balkan Federation, a printed body, Balkan Society ‘in several languages. Among the Balkan emigration, the alliance should develop a large activity for building a single front that will be the greatest guarantee for the Macedonian liberation movement. ” Although the newspaper is envisaged in all Balkan languages ​​and English, it is printed only in Bulgarian with separate articles and English. Because “the slogans of the Macedonian progressive movement” and the newspaper “did not specify the Macedonian struggle,” became an unfit the headline “Balkan Society”, and at ⅳ Congress of MNS in Chicago (1934), the title in “Trudova Makedonia” was changed, because ” It determines the clear character, purpose and tasks of the Macedonian National Union “. Lit.: Blaze Ristovski, Macedonian people and the Macedonian nation, ⅱ, Skopje, 1983, 511-512. Bl. R.

“Balkan Star” (Toronto, Canada, 1. ⅳ 1912 – 19. IX 1913) – a newspaper, a newsletter of the Macedonian emigration in Canada, and from the number of 51 weekly politics and edge. It brings motto: “consent, trouble, educational, labor”. Editor was Jeromonkosophylact. He advocated the autonomy of Macedonia and contained news for the Balkans and the life of the Macedonian emigration. A total of 53 numbers were published. Lit.: Dr. Bozo Mokov, the development of the Macedonian press and journalism (from the first beginnings until 1945), Skopje, 1980, 131-132; Dr. Boro Mokron – Mr. Tome Gruevski, Review of the Macedonian Press (1885-1992), Skopje, 1993, 32. S. Ml.

Balkan Union (1953-1955) – Union among the Kingdom of Greece, FNR Yugoslavia and the Republic of Turkey created by the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in Ankara (28. ⅱ 1953). An additional agreement on the Ankara Agreement was signed (7. Xi 1953) in Belgrade, a secret convention signed in Ankara (28. 1954), an agreement for alliance, political co-operation and mutual assistance to Bled (9. 1954) and an agreement to create Balkan Advisory Assembly in Ankara (2 ⅲ 1955). The Trilateral Cooperation Union was transformed into a military alliance for providing territorial integrity and political independence. The system of collective security of the signatories was established. The Union Treaty was signed with a validity of twenty years. The effective functioning of the Union was agreed to establish a permanent council, composed of foreign ministers, and advisory assembly, composed of representatives of the parliaments of the three countries, as a common body. Until realization did not come because of the changes in the external political position of Yugoslavia. Lit.: International matches Federation of the National Republic of Yugoslavia, 3, Belgrade, Djip, 1953; 1, 1955. M. Min.

Balkan wars. (October 1912 – 31. ⅶ 1913) – The first and second Balkan war. The first Balkan war was conducted between the states of the Balkan Union (Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece) and the Ottoman state (October 1912 – May 1913) for its Balkan possessions. In the composition of the armies of the member states of the Balkan Union, many Macedonians fought, pending the liberation and the state independence of Macedonia. The most significant were the North Albanian, Kosovo-Metohika, the Macedonian, Thracian, Thessalian and Epirus Foursque. Allies mobilized about 720,000 troops. Approximately so mobilized the Ottoman state. The second Balkan war was conducted for the division of Macedonia (30. ⅵ – 31. ⅶ 1913). It started with the Bulgarian attack on the army units of Serbia and Greece. Montenegro supported Serbia, and later in the war against Bulgaria also included Turkey and Romania. The fighting mainly led to the Serbian Bulgarian and the Greek-Bulgarian front in Macedonia. The Macedonian population in number of about 100,000 people was forcibly mobilized in the two warring parties. About 40,000 people from Macedonia were killed in these wars. The war was stopped on July 31, and at 10. ⅷ 1913 The Bucharest Peace Accord was signed, with which Macedonia was divided between Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria. C. ST.

Balkanisms. (Lingu.) – Language structures characteristic of the languages ​​belonging to the so-called. Balkan language union. In part of the Balkan languages, they are inherited, and in the other part – braining through linguistic interference as a result of centuries-old contact with the first type languages. Macedonian belongs to the second type languages; His inherited Slavic structure, as a result of the Millennium contacts with the Balkan language environment, received a number of Balkan language characteristics – Balkanisms. Specialists estimate that Macedonian today is “most rebellious” among the Balkan languages. Balkanisms are present at all levels of the Macedonian language structure: in the voice system, in grammar and lexics. Z. T.

Ballas, Nazif (village Srbica, Kichevo, 1911) – Clerk. He finished a high school. After the liberation, he was a teacher, president of the Municipal People’s Board in the native village and the National Member of the National Assembly of the NORM (1957). S. Ml. Georgi Balaschev Balaschev, Georgi Dimitrov

Ballet and Ballet School – The ballet ensemble was founded in 1948. Related to other ballet ensembles in Europe, the basic part of the ballet repertoire and its choreographic formulation were tied to the Russian ballet school. They were adapted to the opportunities of young but talented beginners: N. Penushlish, M. Janeva, E. Djitsova, J. Popovska, K. Lashkov etc. Already in 1960, Macedonian ballet noted exceptional progress. In a very short period, an ensemble capable of performances of very serious repertoire. During this period, works with different content and stylistic physiognomy were performed: Musically grounded on the national (including the Macedonian) melos. They are also presented more educated with the then tendencies in ballet art around the world. The next generations of Macedonian ballet artists deepened the results of the founders, striving for the modern ballet expression. The differences between the classical and contemporary ballet, which contributed to the modern game to develop in more directions and through greater stylish wealth. In the ninth decade, various styles and directions were crossed, and the application of the academized classic ballet was avoided. At the beginning of the ⅹⅺ century, Macedonian ballet artists, with its sculpture of a baldoin and Flanders scene from Ballet performance (Skopje)