Architecture in Macedonia. In the history of culture-cult subject in the form of a model of house, ceramics, Tumba, Materodin, Bitola, Neolith of Macedonia Architecture is present with different intensity since the first prehistoric cultures, so today. From the prehistoria on the territory of Macedonia, we meet many sites from the time of the Neolithic, the eneolithic, from the bronze and iron time. From the architectural and urban point of view, it is important to emphasize the formation of the settlements – location, organization and protection. The settlements are set at heights of easy to defense surrounded by a defensive wall. In the settlement of the expiration of Drim from the Ohrid Lake, in today’s Struga, the houses were set to numerous wooden piles, which were protected from the attacks on the shore. Wooden houses, their basis (rectangular, square, trapezoidal), the internal division of several rooms in which fireplants and “barns”, pits, commercial buildings, construction, then, necropolises, graves and their constructions, as well as the use of stone as Building material was first noted in the eneolithic. Through the remains of antiquity, Elinism and Rome, we follow the appearance of cities, their urbanization, as well as separate buildings of social character – temples, theaters, thermal, palaces – in Skupi, Stibera, Stobi, Heraclea Linkestis, Lychnidos, etc. For protection against attacks, cities were surrounded by walls strengthened with towers. Early Christian – a paleovisant period, characterized by the spread of Christianity in Macedonia, contributed to the faster development of cities, especially those who become seats of the bishops. Thus, the paleovisant settlements in their urban concepts are directly related to the elitionalist traditions, and architecture has general eliministic and Roman characteristics. There are numerous sacred and profane objects of ⅳ to ⅵ c., Special basilics, most often, with bapturs in Stobi: Episcopal Basilica, central basilica, built on remaining paralica in the ancient site Heraclea Linkestis (V – ⅵ c.) The synagogue, North Basilica, as well as basilics in Heraclea and Bargala, the five-story basilica and polyconchal church in Lychnidos, etc., decorated with floor mosaics. We will list the palaces in Stobi: Theodosian, Partenius and Palace of Psalms, peristles, tricliniums and other premises. With the settlement and stabilization of the Slavs on the territory of Macedonia during the ⅵ and partly in ⅶ c. And with their interference with the domestic population, in the newly emerging social and cultural conditions, a new Macedonian-Slavic culture is gradually developing throughout the Middle Ages and which particularly comes to the construct of the sacral objects. More vivid construction activity in the Macedonian Slavs we registered after their Christianization from the middle of IX c., In Eastern Macedonia in the Bregalnica and Strumica, which is associated with the time of Cyrilla and Metodija onwards, and especially for the time of Clement and Naum, As later during the Samuil’s Macedonian state. In the period of the early Middle Ages in eastern Macedonia, several churches were built, indicating archaeological research and excavations that are ongoing. There are various cross-over crossing forms that are based on older traditions in this area. The one-aisled church in the village of Krupiste, Stip (IX-ⅹ), the Cruan church near Krupiste (IX-ⅹ), the church in the village of Morodvis, Kocani, in the form of an inscribed cross (restored in IX-ⅹ c.), Then the churches in Zigans and In Tarinci, both in the Fort of the Free Cross, dating from the end of the IX and the beginning of X c. Towards the end of IX c., In Ohrid, Clement erected the monastery church “St. Panteleimon “in the form of a triconhos, whose remains are unearthed by D. Coco, under the foundations of “Imarret” mosque. Archaeological research has been established that Clement has built its church on the remains of an elderly demoline triconhos (raised in ⅵ-ⅵ c.), Which was built on the remains of a burnt, even older, early Christian basilica. Something later, but during the clent, the church was built in the form of a cross with a cube where the Clement’s grave was placed. Narthex is built, and later chapels – chapels and trees and tower bell tower on the west side. With the expansion of the church, the old triconkos received a function of an altar. The church was restored on the old remains in 2002. Towards the end of IX or at the very beginning of X c. Naum picked up the church “St. Archangels “on the southern coast of Ohrid Lake. And this church, whose foundations are unearthed under the foundations of today’s church “St. Naum, “from D. Coco, had a trimonchal foundation, almost identical to the Clement Church. Today’s appearance of the monastery church erected on the foundations of Naum’s Church came later, it was built in several stages belonging to the Turkish period. During this time, several smaller churches were built in the vicinity of Ohrid in the form of a triconchos (of Gorica, in the village. Zleshi and the village. Apply, and we find in other areas in Macedonia: “Pubelitis” in Kostur, the Church “St. Nicholas “in Vinni in Mala Prespa, etc. Macedonian Slavs over the ⅹ-XI c. Create their local autonomy, and in the time of King Samuil they also won independence. The rule of Samuel marks the emancipation of the Macedonian Church with Archbishopric in Ohrid, as well as the reurbanization of the cities in his country. The material opportunities enabled the construction of representative buildings. Therefore, there are basiliky, including the Basilica “St. Achilius “(about 983) on the island of Aill in Mala Prespa (today in the territory of Greece), preserved in ruins, then the church in the village of Vlame near Struga, as well as the Basilica” St. Sofia, “Cathedral Church in Ohrid. It was built on the foundations of an old Christian basilica and is a blend of the late antique-year-declaration period, the Samuil’s time and the later medieval architecture of ⅻ to ⅹⅳ c. “St. The Cathedral Church “St. Sofia “In Ohrid Sofia” is a three-nave basilica with a tranship and a dome that does not exist today. There is a two-story narthex. This way conceived, the church “St. Sofia “is the only solution to the territory of Macedonia. For the time of its building there is no accurate data, it is considered to pick up Samuel, and during the Archbishop Leon (1037-1056) could be restored when it was frescoed. At the beginning of ⅹⅳ c. A two-story iconaretex is built, which is one of the most beautiful architectural achievements in medieval Macedonia. Today’s Form Church “St. Sofia “got it at the time of the Turks, when it was converted into a mosque. After the liberation, extensive conservatory works of architecture and frescoes were carried out. From the Crossed Churches built at this time, we will list the church “St. German, “in the same village of Mala Prespa (on the territory of R Greece) for the first time painted in 1006. Then, the church “St. The Virgin “in Drenovo, with Kavadarci, in the form of a compact inscribed cross surrounded by the three sides with ships. This includes the Western Crossing Church “St. Leontius “of the monastery Vodocha, in Strumica, with partially preserved walls and vaults, but without the dome that existed above the intersection of the cross. Archaeological trials have discovered the remains of the fundamental walls of the altar, the prophumidia and the deaconicone, which were demolished due to the connection with a slightly constructed church, so that together with the existing church forms a single space. Then the church “St. Gorgi “end the village of Gornie Kozjak, Shtip by ⅹ c. The buildings of this period continue to rely on the general settings of the Eastern and the Byzantine conception, in some details and in secondary solutions show new achievements, above all, in the freer relationship and unusual rough monumentality, which indicates the possibility that those objects could be The work of domestic masters, who were not so closely attached to the strictness of the Byzantine concepts. All these buildings are built of stone and brick in a very free combination. After the dissolution of Samuil’s state, changes, not only political, but also in art concepts. The Idevna Byzantine Administration in Macedonia directs the architecture and fine art of cleaner Byzantine forms. Cottages, now often representatives of the Byzantine courtyard, strive in the new environment to build churches related to the churches of the Byzantine capital. From this time, some number of objects varied in the base is preserved. Apart from wedding three-nave basilics, such as “St. Nicholas “in Mariovo (1095), also meet churches with cross-over solutions, for example, the original church in Staro Nagorichane, which is thought to pick up the Byzantine Emperor Roman ⅳ Diogen (XI c.), Then the church” St. Panteleimon “in the village of Nerezi end Skopje (1164) built by Alexei Comnen, which after its architectural conception as a five-piece facility bind to the Byzantine Church. She in Customs-City is one of the most significant object-architecture and CTI of this period. In the form of inscribed cross with one dome before the end of ⅹⅰⅰⅰ c. The church “Virgin Peribleptos” was built, now “St. Clement, “in Oh-Reed, the thrill of persecution of Zgur and the church” St. John The Theologian – Kaneo “. During this period, churches with smaller scale and other forms were built, such as: The Tetrasshal Church “The Virgin Eleusa” near Strumica (1085), the tronkonhal church “St. Nicholas “in the village. Vinni of Mala Prespa, as well as several one-aisled churches among which the most significant are: the church of the monastery “St. George “in the village. Kurbinovo (1191), Church “St. Nicholas “in the village. Varos – Prilep (1299) and the Church of the monastery Treskavec near Prilep. At the time when Macedonia is connected to the medieval Serbian state (ⅹⅳ), several monastery churches are being built, both by Serbian rulers and Serbian and Macedonian feudal. These churches are most often built as crossover with a central cube elevated on a high Tambur, and the church “St. Archangel, “s. Kuceviste, Skopje meet, less often, and churches solved in other forms. Most often, they are raised on the properties of feudals, are mainly with smaller dimensions, but with rich external processing. Here it is important to point out that despite the newly emerging political changes, the building continues to follow the local traditions. Several monastery churches in the vicinity of Skopje: “St. Nikita “(1307), Markov Monastery (1377), then the church” St. Archangel Mi-Hail and Desert Gavril “in Lesnovo (1341),” St. Nicholas “in Psaca (1358),” St. Virgin Zaumaska ”On the eastern coast of Ohrid Lake (1361), etc. Greater in dimensions is the five-vetered church “St. George “in the church” St. Panteleimon “in the village. Nerezi, Skopje (ⅻ c.) Staro Nagorichane (built in 1313). Several churches with a trimonchal form were built: “St. Andreja “(1389) and” St. Archangels “In the vicinity of Skopje, as well as several churches with a completely simple one-aisled shape, vaulted with semi-cylindrical arches -” King Constantine and Empress Elena “,” St. Nicholas Hospital, “” St. Virgin Hospital “in Ohrid,” St. Dimitrija “in Veles, etc. At the end of this period when he developed Hishacism, religious movement towards reinforcement of the monastic life in the caves, the cave churches were made in the rocks of the coast of Prespa and Ohrid Lake and other parts (“St. Erasmus”, “St. The Virgin Peshenka” near Ohrid, “St. Atanasius” and “St. The Virgin” in Kalishta in Struga, “St. Archangel” in the village. Radozda, etc.). In the facilities of this period, a greater stylistic connection is felt, although each object carries its own specifics. Great attention is paid to the external processing of facilities, their spatial plastic, the breakdown of pilasters, blind arcades, niches, decorative masonry and the application of keramoplasty, which is a logical development in the processing, used in buildings from ⅹⅰⅰⅰ c . After the fall of Macedonia under the Ottoman rule, the architectural activity was reduced, mainly on the construction of small one-aisled churches, In addition to the sacral architecture, during the Middle Ages in Macedonia, the profane and military architecture, Samuil’s fortresses in Ohrid, Markovi Towers in Prilep, Kale in Skopje, followed by the urban development of cities during the reurbanization of the settlements in the Slavic period, Especially since the end of IX c. And later. Ottoman rule with Macedonia, new ideological and social conditions imposed the need for construction of objects with purposes that need to meet the social, religious and other needs of the conqueror. Architecture gets new content and marks characteristic of the Islamic world. The sacral Islamic objects are most built mosques. They most often have a square basis with a porch, and covered with domes or a wooden Mustafa-Pasha mosque in Skopje roof construction. They raised Turkish steering – Padi and bitch. The most significant mosques are: Sultan Muratov (1436), later restored, Isaac-Bebak, called the Painted Mosque (1438), Gazi Isabeign, 1475, Mustafa-Pasha (1492), Yahya-Pashina (1506), all in Skopje, then Bitola – Isakia (1508), yen-mosque (1558) and Haidar Kadjina Mosque (1561), Painted Mosque in Tetovo and others, then taverns and turbines. From the profane objects we will mention: Kursumli An, Suli An and Kapan an in Skopje, Bezisten in Stip and Bitola, Daut Pasha Amam and Chifthe Amam in Skopje. Special landmark of the cities gave Clock Towers (Skopje, Bitola, Prilep, etc.). An important component of the construction in the Turkish period is the residential architecture. Special attention was charged in the construction of the dormitories for pasets and the guests, of which Avisi Pasha in Skopje (1830-1845) was particularly highlighted. Special interest in the development of architectural creation in Macedonia is the period of revival, when the social forces, thanks to the wiping rights within the Ottoman Empire, significantly influenced the cultural, educational, religious and economic activity, which is adequately expressed in the architectural activity . Thus, the construction of churches in cities and villages throughout Macedonia, with the renovation of the basilica form, based on tradition and elements of modern architectural movements from the West, is an objective expression of newly emerging social conditions and needs, creating a new aesthetics. The large dimensions of the churches with an impressive interior space, such as: The Church “St. Dimitrija “in Bitola (1830),” St. Panteleimon “in Veles (1840),” St. Nicholas “In Kumanovo (1851) and many others, the most pronounced emphasizes the power of social and economic forces in the mentioned period, as well as the art of masters of builders, among which the protomist Andreja Damjanov (1813-1878). Daut Pasha Amam in Skopje The monastery “St. Jovan Bigorski “But, apart from the intensified construction and rebuilding of churches and monasteries (” St. Jovan Bigorski “,” St. Joachim Osogovski “,” St. The Virgin Handy “, etc.), ⅹⅰⅹ c. It is also characterized by intensive construction of houses for living. Enriched merchants and craftsmen build houses that gave a relatively high housing standard. These are mostly asymmetric buildings on multiple levels that resolve spatial problems, both in terms of function, as well as in terms of creating intimacy and comfort, in the practical use of space with built-in household, in the immediate communication of the inner and the outer space. In doing so, if the application of the logical construction and shaping of the external appearance of the facilities is noted, reflecting the internal village of Galichnik function and construction, we can conclude that in the realization of housing architecture, Macedonian cities have been enriched with high quality architecture, which represents And the main hallmark in the overall expression of urban ensembles of the Macedonian cities (Ohrid, Krusevo, Kratovo, Veles, Tetovo, etc.). The houses of the Muslim population, most often, are symmetrically solved with the ground floor and floor, with the separated parts of the family of the family – Knamluk and admission – Samluk. And architecture in Macedonian villages brings its own characteristic features. It is organically linked to the terrain and the landscape, especially in mountain villages such as Galichnik, Janche, Bituse. The house Chardaklija, with open porches and verandas, is inherent in the plain villages. Architecture and urbanism of XX c. carry new messages. In Macedonia, we can consider it in two units. The architecture between the two world wars (1918-1941) is manifested through overdue penetrators of the Eclectics from the West – the National Theater in Skopje, architects J. Bukovac and D. M. Leko (1927), the Officer House in Skopje, Arch. C. Баумтартнер (1929), како и повеќе станбени згради во Скопје, во Битола, во Охрид. Во овој период спаѓаат и првите никулци на модерната со делата на арх. D. Иблер, Окружен уред за социјално осигурување на работниците во Скопје – денес Градска болница (1933–1934) и на арх. M. Злоковиќ, Привредна комора – денес кафеана Метропол (1933–1935). Изработен е урбанистички план на град Скопје од Ј. Михајловиќ (1929) и изградени се значајни комунални објекти во градот. По Ослободувањето, во новосоздадените услови и можности се разви мошне интензивна архитектонска активност. Урбанистичките решенија конципирани врз хуманите принципи на организирањето на просторот во сите градови во Македонија беа предуслов за нивниот брз развој. По осамостојувањето на РМ, со новите урбанистички текови, градовите добиваат згусната структура со предимензионирани станбени блокови и кули со што се дехуманизира просторот. Во педесеттите години се формира генерација македонски архитекти кои постигнаа значајни резултати: С. Брезовски (Работнички дом во Скопје, 1958, Стоковна куќа во Скопје, 1959); D. Димитров (зграда на „Вардар експорт-импорт“ во СкопКуќата на Робевци во Охрид Студентскиот дом „Гоце Делчев” во Скопје је, 1978); A. Серафимовски (станбени кули на кејот на Вардар во Скопје, 1959); D. Томовски (повеќе станбени згради во Скопје). Тука припаѓаат и архитектите: Д. Пецовски, Љ. Маленкова, Р. Галиќ, К. Томовски, Д. Петков, А. Жупан, В. ќосевски, Р. шекерински, Љ. Tomic. Во педесеттите и шеесеттите години работат и повеќе архитекти од другите центри од поранешна Југославија и од странство, што дојде до израз посебно по катастрофалниот земјотрес во Скопје (1963), кои дадоа придонес во развојот на македонската архитектура – А. Урлих, Е. Михевц, Ѓ. Анцел, Ј. Ранковиќ, К. Танге, Е. Равникар, А. Рот и др. Кон крајот на шеесеттите и во седумдесеттите години од значење е дејноста на повеќе млади архитекти во чие творештво се присутни современите тенденции меѓу кои би ги издвоиле: Ѓ. Константиновски (Историски архив, 1968, Студентски дом „Гоце Делчев“, 1971, во Скопје); P. Муличковски (зграда на ЦК СКМ, 1970, Универзитетска библиотека, 1971, во Скопје); B. Колев (зграда на НИП „Нова Македонија“, 1982, во Скопје); Z. Поповски (Град-ски трговски центар, 1973, во Скопје, со група коавтори); Z. Гелевски (хотел „Континентал“, 1972, во Скопје); T. Димитров (Затворен пливачки базен, 1979, во Скопје); B. Чипан (зградата на МАНУ, 1976); K. Muratovski and M. Томиќ (комплекс на музеите, 1977, во Скопје). И во осумдесеттите години продолжува изградбата на нови населби со станбени блокови и кули со современ архитектонски израз, како на пример, станбените блокови во Капиштец, во Скопје, од М. Томиќ (1985), станбено-трговскиот комплекс „Скопјанка“ во Скопје, Б. Мицевски (1987) и др. Во деведесеттите години се изградени повеќе индивидуални семејни куќи и станбени згради. Позначаен објект е хотелот „Александар Па-лас“ (1998) во Скопје од Ј. Константинов. Изградени се и повеќе објекти со обиди традиционалното да се вклопи во новосоздадените архитектонски содржини, стремејќи се, притоа, да се создаде современ архитектонски израз. Го следиме кај охридските архитекти К. Заров (хотел „Горица“, 1971), С. and M. Хаџиеви (градска кафеана „Летница“, 1973), П. Митков (хотел „Десарет“, 1974), Т. Паскали (хотел „Бисер“, 1976), В. and A. Зарчеви (хотел „Метропол“, 1974), П. Балабанов (ОУ „Климент Охридски“, 1980) и др. Cr. T.
Original article in Macedonian language Cyrillic alphabet
Кириличен напис АРХИТЕКТУРА ВО МАКЕДОНИЈА