Sveta Athos (ATOS) – one of the three final peninsula of the Halkidic Peninsula in the southeastern part of the historical and geographical Macedonia. The peninsula covers an area of 389 km 2, debt is about 60 and wide – from 7 to 16 km. In its southern part it ends with top atos, which with its height of 2033 m. Above sea level dominates over the whole territory. The territory of Mount Athos is predominantly choppy, with steep rock surfaces, caves and deep valleys. Such geographical amenities, as well as the isolation of the other terrestrial territory, enabled the peninsula to settle separate monks and monastic groups with strict ascetic orientation. The settlement of Mount Athos was particularly intensified after the conquest of Egypt, Palestine and Syria by Arabs in ⅵ-ⅵ c., When many monks were expelled from these Christian territories, who found shelter in various monasteries on the Territory of Byzantium, including and Mount Athos. Second wave settlement of Mount Athos occurred at the time of the domination of the iconocal heresy in the Byzantine Empire (ⅷ-ⅷ c.), When observers of the icons were persecuted by the emergers of Iconirci and official church authorities. Among the persecuted church, there were many monks who remained faithful to the centuries-old Orthodox tradition and demanded salvation in the inaccessible landscapes of the peninsula. The beginnings of the Salgor monasticism in ⅸ c. Saint Petar Atononi, Eftimus new and John Colov. The same century is the first official testimony of the existence of an organized monastic life in Mount Athos. Historian Genesius announces that the church council in 843. The monks from Mount Athos were attended in Constantinople. The existence of an organized monastic life in Mount Athos in ⅸ c. It is also confirmed by one imperial charter of the Byzantine ruler Leo ⅵ of 893 years. On Sveta Gora, separate monks) lived before ⅸ c., However, the mentioned three of the world’s monks contributed to the rapid development of monasticism and becomes raor of various tendencies in the monastic life: Petar Atononi on the Eerematically (Laviotian), Eftimus new on the Scale , And John Colle of the correlated monastic way of life. Exceptional influence on the shaping and development of the monastic life in Mount Athos has St. Athanasij Atononi (ⅹ c.) – The founder of the first official Athemor monastery Great Lavra (963). Zations in the altar apse and after the non-Mount Athos, aircraft recording which fragment of the cycle of lightning from the second half of ⅹ c. Multi-monastery, heavy cells and other buildings (piers, commercial facilities, ports, etc.) are built. In different time periods, the number of monasteries and other monastic habitats is different. Thus, according to the testimony of the monom, Typic of 1048, there were about 180 monasteries. Some of them in the later period ceased to exist, but new ones were built. In 1169,, for example, the monasteries “St. Panteleimon “(Old Rusk) and Kutlumush, in 1198 years. The monastery Hilendar was established, while a group of monasteries were formed even during the ⅹⅳ c. (Pantocrator, Simono-Peter, Grigoriat, Dionist and “St. Paul”). Today, the Mount Athos has 20 monasteries, 12 wars and about 600 monastic cells and, according to the Holygular Statute, the number of monasteries and the skids can no longer change. Monasteries can be shared on groups depending on their hierarchical placement, but also from their geographical position. According to the 1924 Statute, the hierarchical order of the Holygen monasteries is the following: Great Davra, Vatoped, Iver, Hilendar, Dionist, Kutlumush, Pantocrator, Xiropotam, Zograf, Dayyar, Karakhak, Philotee, Simono Petar, Stavronic , Grigoria, Esfigmen, St. Panteleimon and Constaminite. In the beginning, all monasteries were municipalities (Kinovski), but during ⅹⅳ c., With the development of hesihism, a new way of monastic life appears, which gives preference to the desert, the lonely way of monastic living (idadoorior). Although Constantinople patriarchs were against this monastic way of life, he still expanded at the end of ⅹⅴⅰⅰ c. All the world’s monasteries became idiudohmically (dispute). Later, a reverse process appears – a gradual passage of idioty to a roofing way of life, and there were common and uncomfortable monasteries. Today, all the world’s monasteries are generous and are managed by abbot, while in the idadory monasteries were managed by the Elder Council, who elected an executive body of two epithropes for a period of the complex of the Russian Church “St. Panteleimon “On Sveta Gora today, there are 12 monastery tanks under the administrative administration of one of the twenty world monasteries. Under administrative administration of the Great Lavra there are three wars: “St. John the Baptist”, “Sveta Anna” and “KapSocolibi” (“Holy Trinity”); Under the administration of the monastery “St. Paul” has two wanderers – the new skete “St. The Virgin “and the skis” St. Dimitrij-Laku “, and two wars belong to Vatoped monastery -” St. Demetrius “and” St. Andrew “. Several monasteries have their jurisdiction after a single skittle. The skis “St. Virgin – Xilg “belongs to the Russian monastery” St. Panteleimon, the skete “St. Elijah “- the monastery pantocruter, the skis” St. John earlier “- The IVA, the skis” St. Panteleimon “- The Kutlumush and the Skete” St. Annunciation “- The Xenophone. During the pregnant history, Mount Athos territorially belonged to various countries, with the longest period of the Rams of Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire. Especially often the rulers of Mount Athos changed in ⅹⅴⅰⅰⅰ c. After the collapse of the Byzantine state at the beginning of ⅹⅴⅰⅰⅰ c. During that time, Mount Athos was under the government of Bulgarian king Ivan Assen ⅱ, while in ⅹⅳ c. For several decades, it was within the medieval Serbian state (1345-1371). After the penetration of the Turks in the Balkans, and especially after the Marian battle (1371), conditions for the Turkish occupation of Mount Athos are created. The first occupation of Mount Athos of one year. At them, the power of Zachari Zograf: “Expiration of traders from the temple, prodigal son and non-violent,” Great Davra, fresco in the church “St. Atanas, “Mount Athos (1852) The abbot is almost symbolic. The Turks run from 1385 to 1404, while the final acquisition of the peninsula to the Turkish state becomes after the fall of Thessaloniki (1430). From this year, so S “until 1912. Sveta Athos and the Athgorological monastic community are within the Turkish Empire. In the autumn of 1912 Sveta Athos is occupied by the Greek army, and the London Conference (1913) is confirmed and guaranteed autonomy and neutrality of the monastic republic. The final status of the peninsula is defined by the Peace Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, with which Mount Athos is defined as the theocratic republic under the state sovereignty of Greece, with a guarantee of the inviolability of Negrese monasteries. In that long period of the history of Sveta Gora, the onset monasteries were often demolished and re-built. Many suffered the monastic community, as well as artwork, old books and archive documentation. Such demolitions were particularly catastrophic at the time of the Crusades (1204-1261), with the attacks of Catalan Gusari since the beginning of ⅹⅳ c. (1307-1309) And during the time of the Greek uprising (1821-1829), when many on the world monks openly stood on the side of the rebels. This led to the occupation of Mount Athost from the Ottoman rule, with ten years, about a thousand Turkish soldiers, who terrorized monks and robbed the monasteries. Therefore, the London International Conference (1830), when the independence of Greece is recognized, is a proclamation and international protection of Mount Athos. A similar solution was also delivered to the Berlin Congress (1878), when Mount Athos is placed under the control of a special international commission. Ever since the oldest time, life in Mount Athos is regulated by special types, in which legal regulations from various spheres of monastic living are collected. The first such a typic was adopted at the Monastic Council held at Mount Athos in 972 years. The typical is written on a parchment of nakes leather and is confirmed by special Chrysobul from Byzantine emperor John Tsimisius, which is why he is known under the names of Tragos τρα’γος – Capricorn) and Tzimisiev Type. This parchment document is kept in the archive of the world’s prow in Karea. Later, this first World Typic is supplemented and changed in the dependent “Hilandar” monastery of Sveta Gora on the needs of the Holygor’s monastic community. Thus, from 1048 years. In force is a new worldly typic, confirmed by the Byzantine Emperor Konstantin ⅸ monomach. The previous typix of John Type Type lies, but certain additions were entered, which regulate the competencies of the Prot, is prohibited by the elderly people, nominates and eunuus, commercial activity in the Carray Lavra, etc. Similar changes and supplements were also made in later Athound typics: Type adopted by the Patriarch of Anthony (1294), the Type of Byzantine Emperor Manoel ⅱ Paleologist (1406), the Type of Patriarch Jeremiah, ⅱ (1574), the Type of Constantinople Patriarch Gavril ⅳ ( 1781) And the Type of Constantinople Patriarch Gregory V (1810). In 1924 The new statute of Mount Athos is passed in office to date. According to him, Mount Athos is proclaimed autonomous territory within the Greek state. Greek state sovereignty over Mount Athos is expressed through a special political governor, based in the capital of the monastic Republic of Karea, appointed by the Greek Foreign Ministry. Canonical and spiritual Mount Athos belongs under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople. In the Holy Capital, Karea, the governing bodies of the Salgorian monastic community are housed: The Job The clerical council has 20 members – one representative (abbot or a production) of each monastery. He meets twice a year in Karea and brings canonical decisions in accordance with the Statute. In extremely important cases, a double Council meets – two representatives of each monastery. The clerical municipality also has twenty members – one representative from each Man-Virus, has a one-year term, holds a session twice a week and its solutions are required for all monasteries. With the clerical municipality, the representative of the Great Doodle, where the protoopite, but without the right to vote. The priest epistession, which is the executive body of the clerical municipality, has four members. In her, all monasteries are composed, in accordance with the system of groups after four monasteries: 1. Great Doodle, Diary, Xenophon, Esfigmen; 2. Vatoped, Kutlumush, Karakhak, Stavronikita; 3. Iver, Pantocrator, Philotee, Simonopeter; 4. Hilendar, Xiropotam, St. Paul, Grigoria, and 5. Dionist, painter, St. Panteleimon, Constamonite. Each of these four groups is undertaking the epistession (executive body) for one year, with representatives of the first monasteries from the groups bear the title “Protoopist” and manage the epistession sessions. The priest epistession is performed by the decisions of the priest municipality, manages the finance, issues visas for staying of the tourists of Mount Athos, etc. The Julian calendar and the Byzantine time is in force, according to which the new day begins with the sunset. Only the Iver monastery respects the Chaldean calculation of time, according to which the day begins with the sun. The civil services of Mount Athos are guided by the secular calendar, i.e. According to the Grigorian calendar, and the new day for them begins after midnight. Official of Mount Athos does not use meat. Basic food for the monastic community are: bread, oint, wine, olives, vegetables and fish. The monks usually eat twice daily – in the morning and evening, with the exception of Monday, Wednesday and Friday and in the past period, when the morning meal is replaced by tea and bread. Lit.: Porphyrius Trouquen, Historge Afion. 1. Afon JZS = Esky, Kiev, 1877; 2. Afon Christianius, Mirkay, Kiev 1877; 3. Afon Monushesky, Kiev, 1877; N. P. Keddakov, Pamperky Christen’s experiences of Aphone, St. Petersburg, 1902; VL. Moshin, Rousesky of Apphone and Rusko-Byzantium Osnovo CO ⅺ-ⅹⅰⅰ VV. “BDSaninovica”, Praha, 1947-1948, 9, 55-85; 1950, 11, 32-60; F. Dolgerg, Montzchland ATHOS, Münzhen, 1963; E. A. De Mendier, Mount Athos. Teu Garden off TePe Panagia, Berlin-Amsterdam, 1972; M. Zivojoinђ, Svagoruske Silier and Pierges U Mix, Veck, Belgrade, 1972; Atanasije Angelopoulos, Monastic Zae, St. Up, Monastery Hilandar, 1997; Gorgi Pop-Atanasov, Sveta Gora, Skopje, 2007. F. P. AT. Saint Zlata Meglenska
Original article in Macedonian language Cyrillic alphabet
Кириличен напис СВЕТА ГОРА