Byzantium (eastern Roman Empire, 330 – 1453) – Late antique and medieval state. She received the name after the old city of Byzantion of Bosphorus, where in 330 years. Constantine ⅰ Great built new capital Constantinople. It retained state arrangement of the Roman Empire, as its eastern part, hence the name East Roman Empire, its inhabitants were called Romi (Romans), the official language was initially Latin, and from ⅶ c. Greek. She cherished Hellenistic culture and Christian religion. The biggest rise in the early period was in the time of Justinian and (527-565), which led success wars and managed, temporarily, to renew the former Roman Empire. Then a codification of Roman law was carried out and the famous Iustiniannov Collection was issued. In the time of Emperor Heraklius and (610-641), the Slavs and the Balkans conquered the Balkans, and Arabjani Syria, Palestine and Egypt. During the Macedonian dynasty (867-1056) Byzantium internally consolidated and strengthened. Emperor Basil was liquidated by the kingdom of Kingdom (1018) and established the Byzantine power in the Balkans. After his death, the state began to weaken. At the time of the Dynasty of the Komins (1081-1185), it firmly strengthened its positions in the Balkans, before the end of ⅻ c. When Bulgaria’s independent, Raska, and Seljuki firmed in Asia Minor. It was weakened by the Crusaders from the fourth Crusade campaign (1204) and in its place in the Balkans formed the Latin Empire (1204-1261). In Asia Minor, Nicecian kingdom was created, whose ruler Mikhail ⅷ Paleologist renewed Byzantium (1261). The renewed weak state lost the territories; In the Balkans of Serbs, in Asimans. Toward the end of ⅹⅳ c. Byzantium was only reduced to Constantinople with the environment. In 1453, when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople, Byzantium stopped existing. Lit.: Mr. Island, History of Byzantium, Skopje, 1992; A. A. Vasiliev, chistoras of Temzanine Empire, Madison, 1952; Historus Byzanti in Tomah, Moscow, 1967; C. Mango, Tezhford Hysteros of Bdzantium, Odford, 2002; J. Chaldon, Das Bdzantiszhe Reichch, Dresseldorf, 2002. K. Ag.
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